Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi nyumba yokhazikika yokhazikika yokhala ndi chitsulo chachitsulo monga thupi lalikulu.Ma modular mayunitsi onse ndi mayunitsi ampangidwe komanso mayunitsi apakati.Ali ndi zida zothandizira paokha zomwe sizidalira kunja.Mkati mwa ma modules amagawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana malinga ndi zofunikira zogwirira ntchito.Nyumba zamakontena zili ndi mawonekedwe opangira mafakitale, mayendedwe osavuta, disassembly yabwino ndi kusonkhana, komanso kusinthikanso, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano zotsogola m'mbiri ya zomangamanga m'zaka zapitazi, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idalembedwa ndi American "Business Weekly" ngati imodzi mwazinthu 20 zofunika kwambiri zomwe zingasinthe moyo wa anthu mu zaka 10 zikubwerazi, zomwe zikuchititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi opanga zidebe.Samalani ndipo yesetsani kuchita khama.
1 Macro chilengedwe popanga nyumba zotengera
Malo akunja abizinesi amagawidwa kukhala malo ang'onoang'ono komanso chilengedwe chachikulu: chilengedwe chaching'ono chimatanthawuza malo enieni oti apulumuke ndikukula kwabizinesi, ndiko kuti, chilengedwe cha mafakitale ndi mpikisano wamsika womwe umakhudza mwachindunji. kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa bizinesi., ogula ndi zinthu zina, chikoka cha zinthu izi n'chachindunji, mabizinesi kupanga zidebe zosavuta kumvetsa;chilengedwe chachikulu chimatanthawuza chilengedwe chomwe ntchito zopanga ndi ntchito zamakampani zili, kuphatikizapo malo andale, malo ovomerezeka, malo azachuma, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, chilengedwe chaumisiri , Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi, ndi zina zotero. msika choyamba, ndiyeno mosagwirizana ndi bizinesiyo.Iwo ali kupitirira mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito.Sikophweka kwa mabizinesi opangira zida kuti amvetse bwino.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwunika momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira pakukula kwa nyumba zotengera zinthu.
1.1 Malo a ndale
Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha padziko lonse, kumapititsa patsogolo kukonzanso ndi kuyenda kwa zinthu zopangira padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kutumiza ndi kutumiza mafakitale opanga zinthu ndi mayiko otukuka kumapereka mwayi wofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko langa.gwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.Mu Lipoti la Ntchito ya Boma la 2008, "kulimbikitsa kukonzanso zachuma, kusintha njira zachitukuko, kuwongolera motsimikiza ndalama zakhungu ndi zomangamanga zosafunikira m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kutulutsa mpweya wambiri, komanso kuchulukirachulukira, ndikuwonjezera mwayi wofikira komanso kuchuluka kwachuma kwamakampani kuletsa chitukuko.”Zomwe zili mu "zikuwonetsa njira yachitukuko pakupanga ndi ntchito zabizinesi.Monga chatekinoloje chapamwamba, chowonjezera chamtengo wapatali chochokera ku chidebe, nyumba zotengera ziwiya zimapereka mwayi kwamakampani opanga zidebe kuti asinthe kapangidwe kazinthu, kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu, kuyala maziko olimba achitukuko chanthawi yayitali, ndikukwaniritsa chitukuko chokhazikika.
1.2 Malo ovomerezeka
1.2.1 Zinthu zopulumutsa mphamvu
Chiyambireni vuto lamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi mu 1973, maiko adayika ntchito yosunga mphamvu zomanga ngati gawo lalikulu la ntchito yosunga mphamvu, ndipo motsatizana adakonza ndikukhazikitsa malamulo ndi miyezo yosungira mphamvu.
Boma la US lidakhazikitsa "Malamulo Osunga Mphamvu mu Zomangamanga Zatsopano" mu Disembala 1977, ndipo adapanga "National Appliance Energy Conservation Act" kuti akhazikitse miyezo yocheperako yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zomanga nyumba ndi zida zapakhomo.Miyezo iyi yasinthidwa mosalekeza ndikukhala okhwima.Kuphatikiza apo, m'magawo otukuka pazachuma monga California ndi New York, njira zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndizolimba kuposa za boma la federal.
Directive Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) idakhala chikalata chovomerezeka cha European Union mu Januware 2003 ndipo ndi chikalata chofunikira kwambiri pakumanga chitetezo champhamvu ku European Union.Chiyambireni kugwira ntchito kwa EPBD, mayiko omwe ali m'bungwe la EU apanga kapena kuwongolera malamulo osungira mphamvu zomanga molingana ndi zofunikira za EPBD ndikuphatikiza ndi mikhalidwe yawoyawo.Kenako sungani mphamvu ndi 25% ~ 30%;� Germany inakhazikitsa malamulo atsopano opulumutsa mphamvu zomanga nyumba mu Epulo 2006. Lamuloli likufotokoza momveka bwino zofunikira za EPBD m'mbali zonse, ndipo limafotokoza zofunikira zochepa zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pakupanga kokwana kwa nyumba zosiyanasiyana.
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, dziko langa lakhala likulengeza motsatizana ndondomeko zowononga mphamvu zomanga mphamvu ndi kumanga mfundo zochepetsera mphamvu, monga JGJ26-1995 "Civil Building Energy-Saving Design Standards (Nyumba Zakutentha)", JGJ134-2001 "Residential Building Energy Conservation in Malo Otentha a Chilimwe ndi Ozizira”.Miyezo Yopangidwira ", JGJ75-2003 "Mapangidwe Opangira Mphamvu Zosungirako Mphamvu za Nyumba Zogona M'madera Otentha a Chilimwe ndi Otentha", GB50189-2005 "Mapangidwe Opangira Mphamvu Zosungirako Mphamvu Zomangamanga" ndi zina zotero;dongosolo.
1.2.2 Zinthu zotetezera magetsi
Chitetezo chamagetsi sichimangokhudzana ndi chitetezo chaumwini, komanso chikugwirizana ndi chitetezo cha nyumba, zipangizo zamagetsi ndi katundu wina ndi ntchito yachibadwa ya zipangizo zamagetsi.Maiko ambiri otukuka adayika zofunikira kwambiri pazachitetezo chamagetsi ndikupanga malamulo apadera oteteza magetsi."Malamulo a Electrical" ndi "Low Voltage Directive" a European Union, ndi zina zotero. Malamulo otetezera magetsiwa akhala akuthandizira kwambiri kuteteza chitetezo chaumwini ndi kuteteza moto wamagetsi.
"National Electrical Code" yaku United States imaphatikizanso mfundo zachitetezo chamagetsi "zoyang'ana anthu".Limanena momveka bwino patsamba lake loyamba kuti: "Cholinga cha lamuloli ndikupereka chitetezo kwa anthu ndi katundu, komanso kupewa zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito magetsi."Malinga ndi zamakono zamakono ndi zofunikira zamakampani, bungwe la National Fire Protection Association la United States limasinthanso National Electrical Code zaka zitatu zilizonse, kotero kuti chikalata chofunika kwambiri pachitetezo chamagetsi ku United States chili ndi malamulo okhwima komanso omveka bwino, okhwima. zolemba, ndi kudalirika kwambiri.Kugwira ntchito, ndikusunga zotsogola zamiyezo ndi mawonekedwe kuyambira koyambira mpaka kumapeto, kusangalala ndi mbiri yabwino padziko lapansi.
Chifukwa cha zifukwa za mbiriyakale, kupangidwa kwa malamulo a chitetezo cha magetsi m'dziko langa kumatanthawuza miyezo ya "Electrical Installation Regulations" yomwe kale inali Soviet Union, yomwe imangogogomezera chitetezo cha zipangizo ndipo ilibe lingaliro la "zoyang'anira anthu"., Zopereka zina zimakhala ndi mavuto monga kusamveka bwino, zotsutsana, ndi zovuta kuti zitheke, ndipo ndondomeko yokonzanso ndi yaitali, yomwe sichikukwaniritsanso zofunikira za chitukuko chofulumira cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.Choncho, poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka, pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu malamulo a chitetezo cha magetsi a dziko langa.
1.3 Malo azachuma
M'nthawi ya mavuto a zachuma, chuma cha padziko lonse chikugwirizananso ndi mtengo wa kukula kwachangu, ntchito yapadziko lonse ndi msika wamalonda wapadziko lonse ndi wochepa, ndipo mpikisano wamsika ndi wochuluka kwambiri;mayiko otukuka akugogomezeranso kupanga, kupanga ndi kutumiza kunja, ndipo chitsanzo cha kukula kwachuma chasintha "kukonzanso mafakitale" , osati kuchepetsa msika wa mayiko otukuka, komanso akhoza kupikisana ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene pamsika.Kusagwirizana kwa kukhazikika kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kwadzetsa chitetezo chachikulu chazamalonda, ndipo minda, kuchuluka kwa mikangano yazamalonda yakula, zomwe zikubweretsa zovuta zazikulu ku chitukuko chamtsogolo chazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi.Ndikayang'anizana ndi mkhalidwe wachuma wotere, mabizinesi opangira zida zogulitsa kunja akuyenera kusintha njira zawo zamabizinesi munthawi yake, kukulitsa misika yatsopano yotumiza kunja, ndikupewa kuchulukana kwakukulu kwamisika yogulitsa kunja;kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuchoka ku njira yotsika mtengo ya mpikisano kupita ku njira yosiyana ya mpikisano, ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kafukufuku Wodziyimira pawokha ndi chitukuko ndi luso lamakono, kupititsa patsogolo kupikisana kwakukulu, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mabizinesi.
1.4 Malo a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe
1.4.1 Kusintha kwa moyo
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha sayansi ndi luso lamakono, moyo wa anthu wasintha kwambiri, zomwe zalimbikitsa malingaliro atsopano okhudza malo awo okhala.Zofunikira za anthu panyumba sizikhalanso ndi chitetezo ku mphepo ndi mvula, ndipo zofunikira zatsopano monga chitonthozo, kuteteza chilengedwe, kupulumutsa mphamvu, ndi zachilengedwe zikupitiriza kuonekera.Ananena kuti mtundu umodzi womanga nyumba sungathenso kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu, ndipo nyumba zotengera ndi lingaliro latsopano, monga zipinda za ophunzira ku Amsterdam, Netherlands, mahotela azachuma ku London, England, ndi mizinda yamakontena yomwe ili padoko. dera, ndi Naples, Italy.Malo ogulitsira a Container Puma, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ku Tokyo, Japan, ndi zina zambiri.
1.4.2 Kukhudza kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu
Chiwopsezo cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zikuwonetseredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso kukalamba kwa anthu m'maiko otukuka.Ogula azaka zosiyanasiyana ali ndi kusiyana koonekeratu pazosowa zogwiritsira ntchito ndi machitidwe.Kwa achinyamata ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi mavuto azachuma, chinthu chogwiritsa ntchito nyumba chiyenera kukhala nyumba zotsika mtengo.Makhalidwe ogawa nyumba zamakampani aku America opangidwa kuchokera ku ma RV komanso zaka za ogula zikuwonetsa mfundo iyi: Nyumba zokhala ndi mafakitale aku America zimakhazikika kwambiri kumadera akummwera kwachuma omwe ali m'mbuyo, ndipo ambiri mwa ogula ndi magulu opeza ndalama zochepa, makamaka achichepere ndi achikulire .Monga mtundu wa nyumba zokhala ndi mafakitale, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zili ndi chiyembekezo chachitukuko pakati pa magulu opeza ndalama zochepa, makamaka achinyamata ndi okalamba.
1.5 Malo aukadaulo
Malo aukadaulo amatanthauza mulingo waukadaulo, mphamvu zaukadaulo, mfundo zaukadaulo komanso momwe chitukuko chaukadaulo chimachitikira m'malo ochezera omwe bizinesiyo ili.Malo aukadaulo anyumba zotengera amaphatikiza sayansi yomanga ndi ukadaulo komanso matekinoloje othandizira okhudzana ndi zoyendera.Kuphatikizika kwawo kumapanga ukadaulo wokhazikika wanyumba zotengera nyumba zotengera sayansi ndiukadaulo.
Kukula kofulumira kwa sayansi yamakono ndi zamakono, makamaka kulankhulana kwa makompyuta ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono, zachititsa kuti zipangizo zamakono zamakono ndi zopambana zamakono zigwiritsidwe ntchito ku nyumba, ndipo nzeru zomanga zimalandira chidwi chachikulu ndi kufufuza;mavuto awiri akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuchepa kwa zinthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kulimbikitsa Ndi chitukuko cha nyumba pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe, kupulumutsa mphamvu, ndi kubwezeretsanso zinthu.Opanga nyumba zotengera akapanga zinthu zanyumba zotengera, sayenera kungoyang'ana ukadaulo wonyamulira ziwiya, komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwaukadaulo ndi chitukuko chamakampani omanga, kudziwa kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, zida zatsopano, ndi zatsopano. njira, kuti chitukuko cha nyumba zotengera zinyalala zigwirizane ndi chitukuko cha nyumba zotengera.Liwiro la kusintha kwa nthawi.
1.6 Zinthu zachilengedwe
Pakali pano, anthu akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu a kusowa kwa mphamvu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, zomangamanga zimawononga pafupifupi 50% yazinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lonse lapansi, zinyalala zomanga zimawononga 40% ya zinyalala zopangidwa ndi zochita za anthu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kuipitsidwa kwa kuwala, komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma elekitiroma okhudzana ndi zomangamanga chifukwa cha 34% ya chilengedwe chonse. kuipitsa.Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha anthu, zomangamanga zakhala zosakhazikika mu chitsanzo chake chachitukuko.Kufufuza zisathe chitukuko chitsanzo cha zomangamanga, tsatirani mgwirizano pakati pa chitukuko zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chuma ndi chilengedwe, ndi kukwaniritsa mgwirizano pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe wakhala Zomanga kufunikira kwachangu kwa chitukuko cha mafakitale.Mu 1993, Congress ya 18th ya International Association of Architects idasindikiza "Chicago Declaration" yokhala ndi mutu wa "Architecture at the Crossroads-Building a Sustainable Future", yomwe inanena kuti "zomangamanga ndi malo ake omangidwa zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga tsogolo lokhazikika". mmene anthu amakhudzira chilengedwe.”Mbali zimagwira ntchito yofunikira;kupanga mogwirizana ndi mfundo zachitukuko chokhazikika kumafuna kulingalira mozama za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi mphamvu, mphamvu pa thanzi, ndi kusankha zinthu.”Nyumba zamakontena zimakhala ndi malingaliro obwezeretsanso zinthu, kusungitsa mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, ndipo ndi Njira imodzi yodziwira chitukuko chokhazikika cha nyumba.
1.7 Zadzidzidzi
M’zaka zaposachedwapa, masoka obwera chifukwa cha zivomezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi nyengo yoipa yakula kwambiri.Pambuyo pa chivomezicho, nyumba zambiri zikawonongeka, okhudzidwawo adzasowa pokhala.Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amodular rettlement house.Pakhala zokumana nazo zambiri zopambana kunyumba ndi kunja m’kuthetsa mwamsanga mavuto amoyo a ozunzidwa.Pakhala kufunikira kochulukirachulukira kwa nyumba zamakontena ngati nyumba zokhazikika pambuyo pa chivomezi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-23-2022